西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:hengyunjixie.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅(tong)雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅(tong)的(de)物理化學性質及(ji)其(qi)分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且又是(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)被應用(yong)(yong)得得心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子(zi)序(xu)數是(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子(zi)量是(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤呈玫瑰紅(hong)(hong)色，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉(la)強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地(di)軟而(er)韌(ren)，其(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)，易(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)，導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良，良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)(du)層，會和(he)空氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生成(cheng)褐(he)色硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中二氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和(he)空氣(qi)中氯(lv)形成(cheng)氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末(mo)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)(du)層具有良好(hao)(hao)(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)拋旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)它(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)金(jin)屬之底鍍(du)(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)(du)層可(ke)(ke)做為防止滲碳(tan)氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)(yong)于鋅鑄件(jian)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)打(da)底用(yong)(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)，容(rong)易(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而(er)熔點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很(hen)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且色澤渾(hun)厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和(he)各(ge)種裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各(ge)種環境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大型壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)，又可(ke)(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴(zhui)裝(zhuang)飾。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這種工(gong)藝受到很(hen)多(duo)藝術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)為許(xu)多(duo)壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加(jia)入金(jin)屬錫(xi)冶煉而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較硬(ying)，相(xiang)對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)易(yi)變形，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)般(ban)只(zhi)適于制作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺(zhou)少、大塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等(deng)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在天(tian)然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等(deng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)為青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)卻由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)，有一(yi)定準確度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，并有一(yi)種華(hua)貴、古雅、莊(zhuang)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。
二、GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)經過不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)技術和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)程(cheng)序，會產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)感和(he)(he)(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)感。銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑的(de)(de)藝(yi)術之(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)(he)藝(yi)術之(zhi)美(mei)三(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結晶。因(yin)此，學習和(he)(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑需要(yao)從這三(san)者入手，即(ji)使(shi)是(shi)(shi)藝(yi)術欣(xin)賞也(ye)是(shi)(shi)需要(yao)這三(san)方(fang)面(mian)來進(jin)行，如(ru)果只是(shi)(shi)從一個方(fang)面(mian)就很難了解和(he)(he)(he)把握銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑藝(yi)術的(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)(he)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)種(zhong)類的(de)(de)銅(tong)材(cai)料和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)造型(xing)、結構的(de)(de)銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑對加工(gong)(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所以(yi)成型(xing)和(he)(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主要(yao)包括鑄(zhu)造、鍛造、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切(qie)割等五大加工(gong)(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，而且在裝(zhuang)飾工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)方(fang)面(mian)還主要(yao)有鑲(xiang)嵌、雕金(jin)、鍍金(jin)和(he)(he)(he)鍍銀三(san)大類。
（一）鑄造(zao)工藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是銅雕塑的最(zui)古老(lao)的成(cheng)型工(gong)藝之一，它的加工(gong)方法是首先要用(yong)黏土或者其它可塑材(cai)料(liao)(liao)做出原型，然(ran)后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)。根(gen)據(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的不同，主要分(fen)為陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金(jin)屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失(shi)蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造(zao)
它是我(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技(ji)術之一(yi)(yi)，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在(zai)(zai)商代就熟練地掌握了這種工藝，并用(yong)此(ci)工藝制(zhi)作(zuo)了大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝術珍品，成(cheng)就了享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)首先(xian)是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土敷在(zai)(zai)模(mo)型上，待半干(gan)(gan)時(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)為陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形成(cheng)了外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)片多少視造(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)復雜程(cheng)度(du)而定。如(ru)果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)(su)或器(qi)物，在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)(hou)還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間距離就是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上部(bu)要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)澆(jiao)注口(kou)和出氣孔。最后(hou)(hou)把內(nei)、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起來，并敷上泥層進(jin)行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)上述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了。對于造(zao)型復雜的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)(su)，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法(fa)一(yi)(yi)次成(cheng)型，因此(ci)需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)全身人像雕(diao)塑(su)(su)，我(wo)們將其頭與(yu)身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出，再與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起來，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時(shi)四(si)肢(zhi)便與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體了。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:鍛銅雕塑(su)定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅(tong)的(de)物理化學性質及(ji)其(qi)分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且又是(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)被應用(yong)(yong)得得心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子(zi)序(xu)數是(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子(zi)量是(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤呈玫瑰紅(hong)(hong)色，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉(la)強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地(di)軟而(er)韌(ren)，其(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)，易(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)，導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良，良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)(du)層，會和(he)空氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生成(cheng)褐(he)色硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中二氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和(he)空氣(qi)中氯(lv)形成(cheng)氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末(mo)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)(du)層具有良好(hao)(hao)(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)拋旋(xuan)光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)它(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)金(jin)屬之底鍍(du)(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)(du)層可(ke)(ke)做為防止滲碳(tan)氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)(yong)于鋅鑄件(jian)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)打(da)底用(yong)(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)，容(rong)易(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而(er)熔點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很(hen)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且色澤渾(hun)厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和(he)各(ge)種裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各(ge)種環境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大型壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)，又可(ke)(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴(zhui)裝(zhuang)飾。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這種工(gong)藝受到很(hen)多(duo)藝術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)為許(xu)多(duo)壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加(jia)入金(jin)屬錫(xi)冶煉而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較硬(ying)，相(xiang)對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)易(yi)變形，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)般(ban)只(zhi)適于制作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺(zhou)少、大塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等(deng)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在天(tian)然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等(deng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)為青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)卻由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)，有一(yi)定準確度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，并有一(yi)種華(hua)貴、古雅、莊(zhuang)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。
銅(tong)經過不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)技術和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)程(cheng)序，會產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)感和(he)(he)(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)感。銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑的(de)(de)藝(yi)術之(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)(he)藝(yi)術之(zhi)美(mei)三(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結晶。因(yin)此，學習和(he)(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑需要(yao)從這三(san)者入手，即(ji)使(shi)是(shi)(shi)藝(yi)術欣(xin)賞也(ye)是(shi)(shi)需要(yao)這三(san)方(fang)面(mian)來進(jin)行，如(ru)果只是(shi)(shi)從一個方(fang)面(mian)就很難了解和(he)(he)(he)把握銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑藝(yi)術的(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)(he)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)種(zhong)類的(de)(de)銅(tong)材(cai)料和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)造型(xing)、結構的(de)(de)銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑對加工(gong)(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所以(yi)成型(xing)和(he)(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主要(yao)包括鑄(zhu)造、鍛造、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切(qie)割等五大加工(gong)(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，而且在裝(zhuang)飾工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)方(fang)面(mian)還主要(yao)有鑲(xiang)嵌、雕金(jin)、鍍金(jin)和(he)(he)(he)鍍銀三(san)大類。
（一）鑄造(zao)工藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是銅雕塑的最(zui)古老(lao)的成(cheng)型工(gong)藝之一，它的加工(gong)方法是首先要用(yong)黏土或者其它可塑材(cai)料(liao)(liao)做出原型，然(ran)后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)。根(gen)據(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的不同，主要分(fen)為陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金(jin)屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失(shi)蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造(zao)
它是我(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技(ji)術之一(yi)(yi)，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在(zai)(zai)商代就熟練地掌握了這種工藝，并用(yong)此(ci)工藝制(zhi)作(zuo)了大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝術珍品，成(cheng)就了享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)首先(xian)是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土敷在(zai)(zai)模(mo)型上，待半干(gan)(gan)時(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)為陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形成(cheng)了外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)片多少視造(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)復雜程(cheng)度(du)而定。如(ru)果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)(su)或器(qi)物，在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)(hou)還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間距離就是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上部(bu)要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)澆(jiao)注口(kou)和出氣孔。最后(hou)(hou)把內(nei)、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起來，并敷上泥層進(jin)行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)上述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了。對于造(zao)型復雜的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)(su)，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法(fa)一(yi)(yi)次成(cheng)型，因此(ci)需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)全身人像雕(diao)塑(su)(su)，我(wo)們將其頭與(yu)身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出，再與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起來，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時(shi)四(si)肢(zhi)便與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體了。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:鍛銅雕塑(su)定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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