西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:hengyunjixie.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅(tong)雕(diao)塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一(yi)、銅(tong)的物(wu)理化(hua)學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且(qie)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)被(bei)應用(yong)得(de)得(de)心(xin)應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原子(zi)序數(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原子(zi)量是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤(ze)呈玫瑰紅(hong)色，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)地軟而(er)韌，其(qi)(qi)(qi)延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)，易(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)加工，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)優(you)良，良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加熱更易(yi)氧化(hua)，不能做防護(hu)性(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層，會(hui)和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)褐色硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)二(er)氧化(hua)碳作(zuo)用(yong)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層具有良好(hao)(hao)均勻(yun)性(xing)(xing)、致密(mi)性(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所以(yi)可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)(qi)(qi)它電(dian)鍍(du)金(jin)屬之(zhi)底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層。鍍(du)層可(ke)(ke)做為(wei)防止滲碳氮化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)于鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容易(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)軟而(er)熔(rong)點低，容易(yi)加工。所以(yi)鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)絕大(da)(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)軟富延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)，又能很好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色澤(ze)渾厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)料(liao)、各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)環境配合，既可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)大(da)(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑，又可(ke)(ke)做靈(ling)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點綴(zhui)裝(zhuang)飾。所以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)工藝(yi)受到很多藝(yi)術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛(ai)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)許多壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)料(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金(jin)屬錫(xi)冶煉(lian)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)易(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適于制(zhi)作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)(da)塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等(deng)。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等(deng)材(cai)料(liao)后熔(rong)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)(du)要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)易(yi)加工，有一(yi)定(ding)準(zhun)確度(du)(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，并(bing)有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。
二、GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西(xi)安鍛(duan)銅浮(fu)雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會(hui)產生不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感和(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)是(shi)集(ji)材(cai)質之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶。因此(ci)，學習和(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)需(xu)要從這(zhe)三者入手(shou)，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)欣賞(shang)也是(shi)需(xu)要這(zhe)三方(fang)(fang)面來進(jin)行，如果只是(shi)從一個方(fang)(fang)面就很(hen)難了解和(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由(you)于(yu)不(bu)同(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材(cai)料和(he)不(bu)同(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)對(dui)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也不(bu)同(tong)。所以成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)制作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)法主要包(bao)括鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切割等(deng)五大(da)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面還主要有鑲(xiang)嵌、雕(diao)(diao)金、鍍(du)(du)金和(he)鍍(du)(du)銀三大(da)類(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝是銅雕塑(su)的(de)(de)最古老的(de)(de)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝之(zhi)一，它的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)方法是首先要(yao)用黏(nian)土或者(zhe)其它可(ke)塑(su)材料做出(chu)原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)，然后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)(xing)，之(zhi)后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)(xing)材料的(de)(de)不(bu)同，主(zhu)要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范(fan)鑄造
它是我(wo)國(guo)最(zui)古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技術之一，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先早在商(shang)代就熟(shu)練地掌握了(le)這種工藝，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)此工藝制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)青銅藝術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)享譽(yu)世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅文化。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方法(fa)首(shou)先是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指(zhi)用(yong)(yong)于鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)精選(xuan)細黏土敷(fu)在模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待半(ban)干(gan)時(shi)分塊取下陰干(gan)，干(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經(jing)焙燒(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)為陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分片多少視造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜程度(du)而定。如果要(yao)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)(su)或器物，在做好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)做陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間距(ju)離就是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部要(yao)預先做好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣孔。最(zui)后(hou)把內(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合(he)起來(lai)，并(bing)敷(fu)上(shang)泥(ni)層進行加固。做好(hao)上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以(yi)熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)了(le)。對于造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)(su)，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)一次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此需要(yao)采用(yong)(yong)分鑄(zhu)法(fa)。比如全身人像(xiang)雕塑(su)(su)，我(wo)們將其頭(tou)與身體、四肢分別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢鑄(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出，再與軀干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)軀干(gan)時(shi)四肢便與軀干(gan)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:鍛銅雕(diao)塑(su)定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一(yi)、銅(tong)的物(wu)理化(hua)學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且(qie)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)被(bei)應用(yong)得(de)得(de)心(xin)應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原子(zi)序數(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原子(zi)量是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤(ze)呈玫瑰紅(hong)色，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)地軟而(er)韌，其(qi)(qi)(qi)延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)，易(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)加工，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)優(you)良，良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加熱更易(yi)氧化(hua)，不能做防護(hu)性(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層，會(hui)和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)褐色硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)二(er)氧化(hua)碳作(zuo)用(yong)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)和空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層具有良好(hao)(hao)均勻(yun)性(xing)(xing)、致密(mi)性(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所以(yi)可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)(qi)(qi)它電(dian)鍍(du)金(jin)屬之(zhi)底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層。鍍(du)層可(ke)(ke)做為(wei)防止滲碳氮化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)于鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容易(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)軟而(er)熔(rong)點低，容易(yi)加工。所以(yi)鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)絕大(da)(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)軟富延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)，又能很好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色澤(ze)渾厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)料(liao)、各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)環境配合，既可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)大(da)(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑，又可(ke)(ke)做靈(ling)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點綴(zhui)裝(zhuang)飾。所以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)工藝(yi)受到很多藝(yi)術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛(ai)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)許多壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)料(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金(jin)屬錫(xi)冶煉(lian)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)易(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適于制(zhi)作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)(da)塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等(deng)。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等(deng)材(cai)料(liao)后熔(rong)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)(du)要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)易(yi)加工，有一(yi)定(ding)準(zhun)確度(du)(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，并(bing)有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。
銅(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會(hui)產生不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感和(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)是(shi)集(ji)材(cai)質之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶。因此(ci)，學習和(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)需(xu)要從這(zhe)三者入手(shou)，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)欣賞(shang)也是(shi)需(xu)要這(zhe)三方(fang)(fang)面來進(jin)行，如果只是(shi)從一個方(fang)(fang)面就很(hen)難了解和(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由(you)于(yu)不(bu)同(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材(cai)料和(he)不(bu)同(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)對(dui)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也不(bu)同(tong)。所以成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)制作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)法主要包(bao)括鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切割等(deng)五大(da)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面還主要有鑲(xiang)嵌、雕(diao)(diao)金、鍍(du)(du)金和(he)鍍(du)(du)銀三大(da)類(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝是銅雕塑(su)的(de)(de)最古老的(de)(de)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝之(zhi)一，它的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)方法是首先要(yao)用黏(nian)土或者(zhe)其它可(ke)塑(su)材料做出(chu)原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)，然后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)(xing)，之(zhi)后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)(xing)材料的(de)(de)不(bu)同，主(zhu)要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范(fan)鑄造
它是我(wo)國(guo)最(zui)古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技術之一，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先早在商(shang)代就熟(shu)練地掌握了(le)這種工藝，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)此工藝制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)青銅藝術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)享譽(yu)世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅文化。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方法(fa)首(shou)先是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指(zhi)用(yong)(yong)于鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)精選(xuan)細黏土敷(fu)在模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待半(ban)干(gan)時(shi)分塊取下陰干(gan)，干(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經(jing)焙燒(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)為陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分片多少視造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜程度(du)而定。如果要(yao)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)(su)或器物，在做好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)做陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間距(ju)離就是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部要(yao)預先做好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣孔。最(zui)后(hou)把內(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合(he)起來(lai)，并(bing)敷(fu)上(shang)泥(ni)層進行加固。做好(hao)上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以(yi)熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)了(le)。對于造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)(su)，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)一次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此需要(yao)采用(yong)(yong)分鑄(zhu)法(fa)。比如全身人像(xiang)雕塑(su)(su)，我(wo)們將其頭(tou)與身體、四肢分別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢鑄(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出，再與軀干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)軀干(gan)時(shi)四肢便與軀干(gan)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:鍛銅雕(diao)塑(su)定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
相關產品
相關文章
- GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅雕塑,鍛銅佛像制作工藝2018年11月17日
- GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅雕塑設計哪家好-易銅坊雕塑2018年11月29日
- GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅雕塑廠哪家好-易銅坊雕塑2018年12月04日
- GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅雕塑在景觀雕塑中的位置2018年12月11日
- GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅雕塑在城市景觀雕塑中的地位2018年12月(yue)26日(ri)