西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:hengyunjixie.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅(tong)的物理化學(xue)性質(zhi)及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現(xian)最早而(er)(er)且又是(shi)(shi)常被應用得得心應手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學符號是(shi)(shi)Cu、原子(zi)序數是(shi)(shi)29、原子(zi)量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅色，比(bi)重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)熔點是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地(di)軟(ruan)而(er)(er)韌，其(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，易(yi)(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)加工(gong)(gong)，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)優良，良好的(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)加熱更(geng)易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)，不能(neng)做防護性(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會和空(kong)氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用生(sheng)成褐色硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空(kong)氣中(zhong)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳作(zuo)用形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空(kong)氣中(zhong)氯形(xing)成氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良好均勻(yun)性(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)、附著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)等，所以可做其(qi)它電(dian)鍍(du)金屬之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可做為(wei)防止滲碳氮化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一可實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充(chong)足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可分為(wei)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬，性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)(er)熔點低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)。所以鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝絕大部分是(shi)(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)，又能(neng)很好的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)意圖，且色澤渾厚(hou)、穩重(zhong)，可和各(ge)種(zhong)裝飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)料、各(ge)種(zhong)環境配(pei)合，既可制(zhi)作(zuo)大型壁畫、雕塑(su)，又可做靈活的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝飾(shi)。所以這種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝受(shou)到很多藝術家的(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成為(wei)許多壁畫、雕塑(su)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)料。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金屬錫冶煉而(er)(er)成的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較硬，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)較差，板(ban)材(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變(bian)形(xing)，所以一般(ban)只適(shi)于(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)一些折皺少、大塊面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)料后熔化(hua)成為(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比(bi)原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但是(shi)(shi)熔點卻(que)由原初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)，有一定(ding)準確(que)度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)好，并(bing)有一種(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)色彩(cai)。
二、GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:西安鍛(duan)銅浮(fu)雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)經過(guo)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工藝(yi)(yi)程序，會產生不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺美感(gan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)觸覺美感(gan)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美是(shi)集(ji)材質之(zhi)美、工藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美和(he)(he)(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美三者綜(zong)合的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學習和(he)(he)(he)(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)從(cong)這三者入手，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)欣賞也是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)這三方面來進行(xing)，如果(guo)只是(shi)從(cong)一個方面就很難了解和(he)(he)(he)(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)材料和(he)(he)(he)(he)不同(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)對加(jia)工成型(xing)(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求也不同(tong)。所以(yi)成型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方法(fa)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)包括鑄(zhu)造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接、鉚接、切(qie)割等五(wu)大加(jia)工成型(xing)(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾(shi)工藝(yi)(yi)方面還主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)(he)(he)鍍銀三大類。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是(shi)銅雕塑的(de)(de)最古老的(de)(de)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之一，它的(de)(de)加工(gong)方法是(shi)首先要用黏土或者其它可塑材(cai)料(liao)做出原(yuan)型(xing)，然后再翻(fan)(fan)成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)，之后進行(xing)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)不同，主要分為陶范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱翻(fan)(fan)沙鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是我(wo)(wo)國最古老的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造技術(shu)之一(yi)，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)祖先(xian)早在商代就熟練地(di)掌握(wo)了(le)這(zhe)種工藝(yi)，并用(yong)此(ci)工藝(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)大量(liang)的(de)青銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍(zhen)品，成(cheng)就了(le)享譽世界的(de)青銅文化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造方法首先(xian)是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造的(de)模子(zi)，制作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)精選細黏(nian)土敷在模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待(dai)半干時分(fen)塊(kuai)取下陰干，干透的(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)再(zai)經焙燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視(shi)造型(xing)(xing)的(de)復雜程度而(er)定。如果要(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)或器物，在做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)的(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)空間距離(li)就是澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)造型(xing)(xing)的(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)上(shang)部要(yao)預(yu)先(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)澆注口和出氣孔。最后把內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)(lai)，并敷上(shang)泥(ni)層進行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)上(shang)述(shu)工作(zuo)，即可以熔(rong)銅澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于(yu)造型(xing)(xing)復雜的(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造往往無法一(yi)次(ci)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此(ci)需要(yao)采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。比如全(quan)身人像雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，我(wo)(wo)們將其頭與(yu)身體、四(si)肢(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)別制成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢(zhi)(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿(na)出，再(zai)與(yu)軀(qu)干的(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來(lai)(lai)，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干時四(si)肢(zhi)(zhi)便與(yu)軀(qu)干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:鍛銅(tong)雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅(tong)的物理化學(xue)性質(zhi)及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現(xian)最早而(er)(er)且又是(shi)(shi)常被應用得得心應手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學符號是(shi)(shi)Cu、原子(zi)序數是(shi)(shi)29、原子(zi)量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅色，比(bi)重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)熔點是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地(di)軟(ruan)而(er)(er)韌，其(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，易(yi)(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)加工(gong)(gong)，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)優良，良好的(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)加熱更(geng)易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)，不能(neng)做防護性(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會和空(kong)氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用生(sheng)成褐色硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空(kong)氣中(zhong)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳作(zuo)用形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空(kong)氣中(zhong)氯形(xing)成氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良好均勻(yun)性(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)、附著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)等，所以可做其(qi)它電(dian)鍍(du)金屬之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可做為(wei)防止滲碳氮化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一可實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充(chong)足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可分為(wei)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬，性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)(er)熔點低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)。所以鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝絕大部分是(shi)(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)，又能(neng)很好的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)意圖，且色澤渾厚(hou)、穩重(zhong)，可和各(ge)種(zhong)裝飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)料、各(ge)種(zhong)環境配(pei)合，既可制(zhi)作(zuo)大型壁畫、雕塑(su)，又可做靈活的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝飾(shi)。所以這種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝受(shou)到很多藝術家的(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成為(wei)許多壁畫、雕塑(su)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)料。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金屬錫冶煉而(er)(er)成的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較硬，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)較差，板(ban)材(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變(bian)形(xing)，所以一般(ban)只適(shi)于(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)一些折皺少、大塊面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)料后熔化(hua)成為(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比(bi)原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但是(shi)(shi)熔點卻(que)由原初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)，有一定(ding)準確(que)度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)好，并(bing)有一種(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)色彩(cai)。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)經過(guo)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工藝(yi)(yi)程序，會產生不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺美感(gan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)觸覺美感(gan)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美是(shi)集(ji)材質之(zhi)美、工藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美和(he)(he)(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美三者綜(zong)合的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學習和(he)(he)(he)(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)從(cong)這三者入手，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)欣賞也是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)這三方面來進行(xing)，如果(guo)只是(shi)從(cong)一個方面就很難了解和(he)(he)(he)(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)材料和(he)(he)(he)(he)不同(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)對加(jia)工成型(xing)(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求也不同(tong)。所以(yi)成型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方法(fa)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)包括鑄(zhu)造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接、鉚接、切(qie)割等五(wu)大加(jia)工成型(xing)(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾(shi)工藝(yi)(yi)方面還主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)(he)(he)鍍銀三大類。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是(shi)銅雕塑的(de)(de)最古老的(de)(de)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之一，它的(de)(de)加工(gong)方法是(shi)首先要用黏土或者其它可塑材(cai)料(liao)做出原(yuan)型(xing)，然后再翻(fan)(fan)成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)，之后進行(xing)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)不同，主要分為陶范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱翻(fan)(fan)沙鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是我(wo)(wo)國最古老的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造技術(shu)之一(yi)，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)祖先(xian)早在商代就熟練地(di)掌握(wo)了(le)這(zhe)種工藝(yi)，并用(yong)此(ci)工藝(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)大量(liang)的(de)青銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍(zhen)品，成(cheng)就了(le)享譽世界的(de)青銅文化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造方法首先(xian)是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造的(de)模子(zi)，制作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)精選細黏(nian)土敷在模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待(dai)半干時分(fen)塊(kuai)取下陰干，干透的(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)再(zai)經焙燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視(shi)造型(xing)(xing)的(de)復雜程度而(er)定。如果要(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)或器物，在做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)的(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)空間距離(li)就是澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)造型(xing)(xing)的(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)上(shang)部要(yao)預(yu)先(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)澆注口和出氣孔。最后把內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)(lai)，并敷上(shang)泥(ni)層進行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)上(shang)述(shu)工作(zuo)，即可以熔(rong)銅澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于(yu)造型(xing)(xing)復雜的(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造往往無法一(yi)次(ci)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此(ci)需要(yao)采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。比如全(quan)身人像雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，我(wo)(wo)們將其頭與(yu)身體、四(si)肢(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)別制成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢(zhi)(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿(na)出，再(zai)與(yu)軀(qu)干的(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來(lai)(lai)，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干時四(si)肢(zhi)(zhi)便與(yu)軀(qu)干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO高清在線播放免費:鍛銅(tong)雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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